catherine lockmiller
Contact:
Phoenix Biomedical Campus |
435 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004
435 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004
Subjects: Health and Human Services, Nursing
Race & Ethnicity
Understanding racial & ethnic disparities
Per the CDC's 2015 Health Report, "race is a social construct influenced by a complex set of factors. Because of the complexity and difficulty in conceptualizing and defining race, as well as the increasing representation of racial and ethnic subgroups in the United States, racial classification and data collection systems continue to evolve and expand." For that reason, this guide cannot fully explore and delineate the many changing facets of race and ethnicity in American healthcare systems. Racial dynamics are intersectional and often blurry in their own right, and this is increased when viewed through the frames of ethnicity, gender, age, ability, and geography.
This guide does affirm the complexities of race in the United States, but attempts a balance between complexity and usability by dividing up racial and ethnic health care disparities into explicit categories, being: Asian Americans, Indian Americans and Arabic Americans, Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native & Alaskan Native Americans. There is also a page dedicated to the specific healthcare disparities experienced by persons with an immigrant status.
Each category includes healthcare resources that address disparities relevant to the corresponding racial/ethnic group. Because all persons who belong to a racial/ethnic minority group experience some level of disparity in health and healthcare, some resources will be similar, and others will vary. Taking into account the inadequacies of a guide like this, it is still vital to understand the interplay between healthcare and race/ethnicity in the United States because all racial and ethnic minorities in America share characteristics "associated with health risk factors, disease prevalence, and access to care, which in turn drive health care utilization and expenditures." (CDC.gov, 2015)
Racial & ethnic disparities affect:
- Access to healthcare services
- Health insurance coverage
- Hypertension
- Infant mortality
- Longevity of life
- Obesity
- Prevalence of diabetes
- Prevalence of STIs
- Vaccination
- Vision and dental care
Pertinent resources
- Disparities Toolkit - Health Research and Educational TrustThis toolkit was developed by HRET in partnership with the AHA to provide healthcare spaces with resources for collecting racial, ethnic, and linguistic data from patients and clients.
- Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities - American Hospital AssociationResources provided by the AHA to help providers make informed decisions concerning healthcare for racial and ethnic groups in the United States.
- Healthcare Disparities Research Information - National Center on Health Services Research and Health Care TechnologyHSRIC is an information repository sponsored by NLM, the Healthcare Disparities page includes information relevant to: search queries using NLM resources, news, data, health education, grants, legislation, guidelines, key organizations, and conferences.
- HHS Office of Minority Health"The Office of Minority Health is dedicated to improving the health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the development of health policies and programs that will help eliminate health disparities."
- Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health - CDC"REACH is a national program administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. Through REACH, awardee partners plan and carry out local, culturally appropriate programs to address a wide range of health issues among African Americans, American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders."
Disparities in immigrant populations
Nonelderly lawfully present and undocumented immigrants are more likely to be uninsured than nonelderly U.S. citizens. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2017
Lack of access to health insurance and healthcare is a key issue for lawfully present and undocumented immigrants to the United States. However, immigrants also forego or miss out on treatment for mental illness as well as preventative care along with a number of other important facets of healthcare (RWFJ, 2018). Factors include:
- socioeconomic background
- immigration status
- language proficiencies
- geographic location
- fear of deportation
Children are particularly negatively affected by these factors, even if they are permanent citizens while their parents or relatives are not. In terms of outlook, it is possible that immigrant health care disparities will increase alongside diminishing coverage options, expanding cultural stressors, and cutbacks to community health centers and programs (KFF, 2017). The following list of resources covers all of these domains in order to give providers, communities, and policy makers information that can decrease the disparities faced by immigrants in the United States.
Resources for immigrant populations
- Health Coverage of Immigrants - KFF Fact SheetFrom the Kaiser Family Foundation: "This brief provides an overview of health coverage for noncitizens and discusses key issues for health coverage and care for immigrant families today."
- Living in an Immigrant Family in America: How Fear and Toxic Stress are Affecting Daily Life, Well-Being, & HealthThis issue brief about toxic stress explains how deeply mental health issues are tied to healthcare disparities in immigrant populations.
- Health Disparities Among Children of Immigrants - NIHThis report details the proceedings of the 2011 National Children's Study Symposium, Health Disparities Among Children of Immigrants that summarize key findings of health differences, sources of change, and at risk populations.
- The Impact of Local Immigration Enforcement Policies on the Health of Immigrant Hispanics/Latinos in the United StatesFrom the abstract: this article seeks "to understand how local immigration enforcement policies affect the utilization of health services among immigrant Hispanics/Latinos in North Carolina."
- Restrictive ID Policies: Implications for Health EquityThis article examines ID policies and their slow encroachment into American life such that a government-issued ID is now required to access goods and services, records, community services (such as libraries), and some forms of healthcare.
- Immigrant and Refugee Health - CDCThis comprehensive public health and health policy guide from the CDC addresses medical examination, guidelines for refugee health, laws and regulations, adoption resources, and responses to outbreaks.
- (Un)Healthy Immigrant Citizens: Naturalization and Activity Limitations in Older Age*A 2014 paper that argues that "immigrants’ political, social and economic incorporation experiences, which are embedded in individual life-course trajectories and heavily influenced by governmental policies, play an important role in producing diverse health outcomes among older U.S. foreign-born persons."
- Immigration, Health Care and Health - RWJFFrom the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, "a collection of analyses and research findings examining the link between immigration status, health care and health."
- Immigration - American Psychological AssociationThis site describes mental health and other psychological/psychiatric disparities that correlate with immigration status.
Disparities in Asian-American populations
The Model-Minority Myth describes a pervasive misunderstanding that Asian Americans are more likely to succeed in most areas of American life, including healthcare. This has resulted in approaches to health and healthcare which play down and/or ignore Asian American healthcare needs and the disparities that arise from those needs. For instance, Asian Americans experience high rates of diabetes, stomach cancers, smoking-related illnesses, and mental health issues, while often failing to receive care in these areas (Trinh-Shevrin, 2017). In order to push back against the model-minority myth and the inequities that arise, it's important to consider the complex needs of Asian Americans.
Resources for Asian-American populations
- Asian American Health - MedlinePlusMedlinePlus portal for information pertaining to Asian American health. Covers basic health needs, specific areas for growth, and information for children and women.
- Asian American Health Disparities - APA Special Issue (university login required)From the description: "This special issue focuses attention on physical and mental health disparities within the Asian American community and the work done by researchers and affiliates of the Asian American Center for Disparities Research to understand and alleviate these disparities."
- Asian American Health Profile - HHS Office of Minority HealthProvides a demographic overview of Asian American life in the United States, including data pertaining to insurance coverage, education, and health concerns.
- Decreased Smoking Disparities Among Vietnamese and Cambodian Communities — Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) Project, 2002–2006This 2014 paper is concerned with the high smoking rates among Asian Americans, history of smoking among Asian Americans, possible interventions, and an evaluation of current data from 2002 - 2006.
- Healthreach - NLMInformation pertinent for patients and providers. Includes community health resources for Himilayan, Arab, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Indo-Caribbean, Japanese, Korean, Pakistani, Vietnamese, and Cambodian healthcare needs.
- Increasing Asian American participation in clinical trials by addressing community concernsThis 2014 study seeks to find avenues to representation among Asian Americans by increasing participation in clinical trials.
- NYU Center for the Study of Asian American HealthThe NYU CSAAH is the result of a partnership with the NIH Office on Minority Health and Health Disparities, and is the oldest and most prominent resource for navigating Asian American health and health disparities in the United States.
- Shining the Light on Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health (university login required)This supplementary special issue published by the Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved includes original research, opinions, and reports covering a wide range of health issues prevalent among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders.
Disparities in Black/African American Populations:
Black Americans experience higher mortality rates than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States for 8 of the top 10 causes of death. (AHRQ.gov, 2015) And while overall health has improved among Black Americans in the past two decades, Growth is slower and often lacking when compared to the overall health of other racial/ethnic groups. (CDC.gov, 2018) Further, social constraints and inherent racism tied to poverty, incarceration, and geographical location often cause Black Americans (especially Black American men) to age at a more rapid pace than other Americans, which requires more extensive healthcare sooner in life and longer across the lifespan. Additionally, Black Americans are most likely to contract HIV/AIDS than other racial groups. It is imperative for providers, communities, and policy makers to not only push for increased literacy concerning each of these trends, but community organizations such as churches and cultural centers should be employed as allies that promote health literacy. Finally, healthcare disparities for Black Americans cannot be eliminated without changes to laws and organizational structures, which must be another priority, especially for policy makers and legislators.
Information for Black/African Americans:
- 2015 Chartbook on Health Care for Blacks - Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityOne of the AHRQ's disparities chartbooks, this report lays out information pertaining to access, priorities for healthcare, progress in healthcare, and current trends.
- Accelerated Health Declines among African Americans in the USAFrom the abstract: "The weathering hypothesis, an explanation for race disparities in the USA, asserts that the health of African Americans begin to deteriorate prematurely compared to whites as a consequence of long-term exposure to social and environmental risk factors. Using data from 2000–2009 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS), we sought to describe differences in age-related health outcomes in 619,130 African Americans and whites."
- African American Health - CDCThis report describes the gains and losses in African American health over the past two decades, and notes particular areas of need, such as early death, chronic conditions, and high blood pressure.
- Black/African Americans Health Profile - NIH Office of Minority HealthA data-driven overview of demographics, education, economic stats, healthcare coverage, specific conditions, and census reports regarding Black American health in America.
- The Black Church & HIV Social Justice ImperativeFrom the about page: "The Black Church & HIV initiative was established to form a national network of faith leaders, religious institutions, and community members committed to making change and ending the HIV epidemic in Black America. There is an immediate need for faith leaders to take action for what is happening with HIV in the Black community."
- HHS Pathfinder for Black/African Ameican HealthThis pathfinder walks users through some key articles, reports, and other resources that touch upon diseases, social determinants of health, racial justice, and other important topics. Please see the additional pathfinders that directly relate to other racial minority groups.
- Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice - BMC Public Health ReviewsFrom the abstract, the authors "discuss the main social determinants of health and main health disparities, risk factors, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and access to health services for blacks in the USA."
- Resources - The Center for African American HealthA list of community health resources focused on heart disease, diabetes, depression, colon cancer, podiatry, gender health, and modes of prevention.
- Think Cultural Healthfeatures information, continuing education opportunities, resources, and more for health and health care professionals to learn about culturally and linguistically appropriate services, or CLAS. Launched in 2004, Think Cultural Health is sponsored by the Office of Minority Health.
- U.S. HHS Office of Minority HealthThe Office of Minority Health addresses disease prevention, health promotion, risk reduction, healthier lifestyle choices, use of health care services and barriers to health care for racial and ethnic minorities.
Disparities in Hispanic/Latinx Populations:
Hispanic Americans, though the largest racial/ethnic minority in the United States, continue to experience "poor conditions of daily life, shaped by structural and social position factors (such as macroeconomics, cultural values, income, education, occupation, and social support systems, including health services)". (Velasco-Mondragon, et al., 2016) This conflux of forces results in higher likelihood to experience trauma, chronic stress/anxiety, sedentary behavior, and substance abuse, as well as lack of sleep. (Velasco-Mondragon, et al., 2016) These factors, along with higher risks for non-communicable diseases (arising from obesity, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, etc.) and lack of affordable healthcare and insurance, result in increased health and healthcare disparities for Hispanic Americans. Hispanic Americans are also more likely to experience healthcare needs that arise from occupation and geography, especially in farming and agricultural communities. For Hispanic American health, it is particularly important to target these societal and structural factors because compounded, they result in higher rates of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, liver disease, and occupational injuries.
Information for Hispanic/Latinx Americans:
- Food Security among Hispanic Adults in the United States, 2011-2014 - USDAFrom the abstract: "This report estimates the extent and severity of food insecurity across diverse groups of Hispanic households using 2011-2014 data from the Current Population Survey’s Food Security Supplement. Food insecure households have difficulty at some time during the year in providing enough food for all their members due to a lack of resources. In 2014, 14.0 percent of all U.S. households were food insecure, versus 22.4 percent of Hispanic households."
- Hispanic/Latino Americans Health Profile - HHS Office of Minority HealthProvides a data-driven overview of demographics, language usage/fluency, education, economics, insurance and healthcare coverage/access, and current health concerns.
- Hispanic American Health - MedlinePlusKey health information for Hispanic/Latinx Americans, with summaries of genetics, environmental health factors, access, and cultural factors affecting health.
- Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping review of the literature - BMC Public ReviewsBy breaking down social determinants of health for Hispanic/Latinx Americans, this review provides an in-depth summary and analysis of health-related research, areas for growth, data/statistics, and current trends in Hispanic/Latinx health in America.
- Hispanic Health Vitalsigns - CDCInformation for providers describing healthcare needs and disparities, as well as possible avenues for prevention and intervention.
- The intersection between masculinity and health among rural immigrant Latino menFrom the abstract: "Latino men experience health disparities in STI/HIV, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Gender roles likely play a role in risk behaviors and outcomes; however, there has been little focus on masculinity in Latino men. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with Latino men living in North Carolina. The interviews, conducted by a trained bilingual/bicultural Latino male, prompted discussion around work, family, and stress."
- Latino Health Disparities - League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)LULAC is a public advocacy initiative lobbying for increased awareness toward Hispanic/Latinx populations in the United States. This page describes health disparities commonly affecting Hispanic/Latinx Americans, and can be easily disseminated in community health settings.
- Making a difference in medical trainees’ attitudes toward Latino patients: A pilot study of an intervention to modify implicit and explicit attitudesFrom the abstract: "This article provides findings of a pilot test of Yo Veo Salud (I See Health), an intervention designed to positively modify attitudes toward Latinos among medical trainees. The research question was: Compared to the comparison group, did the intervention group show lower levels of implicit bias against Latinos versus Whites, and higher levels of ethnocultural empathy, healthcare empathy, and patient-centeredness?"
- U.S. Citizen Children of Undocumented Parents: The Link Between State Immigration Policy and the Health of Latino ChildrenFrom the abstract: "We examine Latino citizen children in mixed-status families and how their physical health status compares to their U.S. citizen, co-ethnic counterparts. We also examine Latino parents' perceptions of state immigration policy and its implications for child health status...We find that mixed-status families report worse physical health for their children as compared to their U.S. citizen co-ethnics. We also find that parental perceptions of their states' immigration status further exacerbate health disparities between families."
Disparities in American Indian/Alaskan Native Populations:
Health and healthcare disparities are ever-present and unyielding across many American Indian and Alaskan Native communities. Even as overall health has increased for much of the U.S. population, American Indian and Alaskan Natives continue to have lower life expectancy that is 5.5 years less than all other ethnic/racial groups in the United States. (IHS.gov, 2018) These rates are partially due to American Indian and Alaskan Natives experiencing higher rates of liver disease, cirrhosis, diabetes, mental health, chronic trauma, unintentional injuries, assault, suicide, and lower respiratory diseases, compounded by a lack of access to healthcare and affordable coverage. (IHS.gov, 2018) Many of these epidemiologies are the result of social determinants produced by "structural violence" that "shapes the health" of American Indian and Alaskan Natives and results in widespread inequities in housing, employment, food/water, transportation, and safety. (Browne, et al., 2016).
Providers, communities, and policy makers should take all of these factors into account when considering the health and healthcare of American Native populations.
Resources for American Indian/Alaskan Native Populations:
- American Indian/Alaska Native Health Profile: HHS Office of Minority HealthStatistical data that comprises an overview of racial/ethnic/tribal demographics, language fluency, educational attainment, economics, insurance coverage, census reports, and health concerns.
- Behavioral Health - Native American Connections (Local Resource)"Native American Connections offers substance use treatment and general mental health services including psychiatric evaluation, medication management, counseling and case management. We also offer residential treatment for substance use and co-occurring disorders. Licensed by the Arizona Department of Health Services in 1978, NAC has partnerships with State Regional Behavioral Health Authority (RBHA), Tribal RBHAs, Tribes, and Indian Health Services (IHS)."
- Community-based research as a mechanism to reduce environmental health disparities in american Indian and alaska native communitiesFrom the abstract: "Racial and ethnic minority communities, including American Indian and Alaska Natives, have been disproportionately impacted by environmental pollution and contamination. This includes siting and location of point sources of pollution, legacies of contamination of drinking and recreational water, and mining, military and agricultural impacts. As a result, both quantity and quality of culturally important subsistence resources are diminished, contributing to poor nutrition and obesity, and overall reductions in quality of life and life expectancy."
- Enhancing health care equity with Indigenous populations: evidence-based strategies from an ethnographic studyWhile this paper focuses on healthcare needs of indigenous communities in Canada, it's exploration of health disparities across all indigenous populations can help inform how providers work with American Indian and Alaskan Native patients and communities.
- Health Insurance 101 for American IndiansA pocket guide from Healthcare.gov with information pertaining to CHIP, coinsurance, payments, medicaid, and other important coverage options.
- Health Programs - Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona (Local Resource)From the ITCA, list and descriptions of various community health services for Arizona's American Indian populations, including: aging/senior services, research, dental support, STI awareness, cancer, teen pregnancy, epidemiology, health policy, and WIC.
- The Imperative for Research to Promote Health Equity in Indigenous CommunitiesFrom the abstract: "Health disparities exact a devastating toll upon Indigenous people in the USA. However, there has been scant research investment to develop strategies to address these inequities in Indigenous health. We present a case for increased health promotion, prevention, and treatment research with Indigenous populations, providing context to the recent NIH investment in the Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health (IRINAH) network."
- Indian Health ServicesA foundational source of information pertaining to Native American healthcare, with a wide range of resources for patients, communities, and providers.
- Native American Health - MedlinePlusMedlinePlus is a primary source for consumer health information. This page covers various facets of Native American (Alaska Native, American Indian) health, including: genetics, environmental risks, access to car, cultural factors of wellbeing, research, and links to further resources.
- Native Americans for Community Action (Local Resource)NACA, Inc. provides community wellness and health services across Northern Arizona.
- Native Health of Phoenix (Local Resource)Native Health provides a full range of medical services to Arizona's American Indian and Alaska Native populations. This includes primary care, dental, behavioral, WID, community health, and wellness programs.
- Navajo Nation Diabetes Project (Local Resource)"he objectives of the Navajo Nation Special Diabetes Project are to provide prevention education to reduce new cases among the Navajo people; to identify individuals who are in pre-diabetes stage to reduce new developments; and provide diabetes management to reduce complications and disabilities. These objectives are being met by healthy lifestyle promotions, improvement in nutrition and diet, and exercise on a daily basis by our staff as they go out into the community."
- Obesity and Overweight in American Indian and Alaska Native Children, 2006-2015Abstract Objective: "To estimate obesity and overweight prevalence in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children across genders, ages, and geographic regions in the Indian Health Service active clinical population."
- Southwest Hub for American Indian Youth Suicide Prevention Research (Local Resource)"The mission of the Southwest Hub for American Indian Youth Suicide Prevention Research (Southwest Hub) is to establish a collaborative network of tribal leaders, investigators, interventionists, service providers, and service users in the Southwest region. Facilitated by Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health, this hub will bring together intellectual resources, cultural assets, and experiences to overcome the suicide disparity among American Indian youth."
- Tribal Support: Health Disparities - CDCInformation about various health disparities experienced by American Indians and Alaska Natives as well as resources for combating disparities, and resources for communities and providers.
- Urban Indian Health InstituteProvides research and health support for American Indians and Alaska Natives throughout the United States, with assistance for cancer, chronic disease, communicable disease, health data, health policy, and WIC.
Cultural Competence in Health Education and Health Promotion by
Cultural Competence in Health Education and Health Promotion, 2nd edition, examines the importance of ethnic and cultural factors for community health practice. Edited and written by a stellar list of contributors who are experts in field, this book describes essential theories, models, and practices for working with race, ethnicity, gender, and social issues. The authors cover a wide range of topics including demographics, disparities, complementary and alternative medicine, spiritually grounded approaches, multicultural populations, culturally competent needs assessment and planning, communication, workforce, program planning, aging, sexual orientation, and future challenges. This edition has substantially expanded coverage on working with diverse groups, social determinants of health, spirituality, theoretical models for multicultural populations, planning and program evaluation, and aging, with new content includes coverage of disability and health literacy. This edition also reflects the latest standards for Certified Health Education Specialist certification and national standards on Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS), from Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health
Publication Date: 2013
Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach by
Given the recent and rapid developments in the delivery of health care in the United States, never has it been more important to have the most up-to-date resources for teaching students about this complex and dynamic industry. Now in its Fifth Edition, Delivering Health Care in America offers the most current and comprehensive overview of the basic structures and operations of the U.S. health system--from its historical origins and resources, to its individual services, cost, and quality. Using a unique "systems" approach, this bestselling text brings together an extraordinary breadth of information into a highly accessible, easy-to-read resource that clarifies the complexities of health care organization and finance, while presenting a solid overview of how the various components fit together.
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Health and Wellness Concerns for Racial, Ethnic, and Sexual Minorities by
Minority status in the United States often accompanies diminished access to education, employment, and subsequently health care. This volume explores factors that have contributed to health disparities among racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities. Focused on developing strategies for understanding these disparities and promoting wellness in minority communities, the authors highlight social forces such as racism, ethnocentrism, sexism, and homophobia, which continue to influence not only access to and quality of care but also perception and trust of health care professionals. The authors identify several common themes, including the importance of communication, intentional and unintentional discriminatory structures, and perhaps most significantly, the role of culturally relevant learning sites. This is the 142nd volume of the Jossey Bass series New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. Noted for its depth of coverage, it explores issues of common interest to instructors, administrators, counselors, and policymakers in a broad range of education settings, such as colleges and universities, extension programs, businesses, libraries, and museums.
Publication Date: 2014
Issues in Health and Health Care Related to Race/Ethnicity, Immigration, SES and Gender by
The 30th Anniversary volume of Research in the Sociology of Health Care looks at the important links between major social factors and health and health care. The four main factors examined in the book are race/ethnicity, immigration, Socioeconomic Status (SES) and gender. Starting with an introductory chapter which reviews some of the important sociological literature on these social factors as linked to health, the book goes on to cover various key issues, including obesity, ageing, immigration and racial segregation.
Publication Date: 2012
Making the Mexican Diabetic by
This innovative ethnographic study animates the racial politics that underlie genomic research into type 2 diabetes, one of the most widespread chronic diseases and one that affects ethnic groups disproportionately. Michael J. Montoya follows blood donations from "Mexican-American" donors to laboratories that are searching out genetic contributions to diabetes. His analysis lays bare the politics and ethics of the research process, addressing the implicit contradiction of undertaking genetic research that reinscribes race's importance even as it is being demonstrated to have little scientific validity. In placing DNA sampling, processing, data set sharing, and carefully crafted science into a broader social context, Making the Mexican Diabetic underscores the implications of geneticizing disease while illuminating the significance of type 2 diabetes research in American life.
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Mapping Race by
Researchers commonly ask subjects to self-identify their race from a menu of preestablished options. Yet if race is a multidimensional, multilevel social construction, this has profound methodological implications for the sciences and social sciences. Race must inform how we design large-scale data collection and how scientists utilize race in the context of specific research questions. This landmark collection argues for the recognition of those implications for research and suggests ways in which they may be integrated into future scientific endeavors. It concludes on a prescriptive note, providing an arsenal of multidisciplinary, conceptual, and methodological tools for studying race specifically within the context of health inequalities. Contributors: John A. Garcia, Arline T. Geronimus, Laura E. Gómez, Joseph L. Graves Jr., Janet E. Helms, Derek Kenji Iwamoto, Jonathan Kahn, Jay S. Kaufman, Mai M. Kindaichi, Simon J. Craddock Lee, Nancy López, Ethan H. Mereish, Matthew Miller, Gabriel R. Sanchez, Aliya Saperstein, R. Burciaga Valdez, Vicki D. Ybarra
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Medical Apartheid by
From the era of slavery to the present day, the first full history of black America’s shocking mistreatment as unwilling and unwitting experimental subjects at the hands of the medical establishment. Medical Apartheidis the first and only comprehensive history of medical experimentation on African Americans. Starting with the earliest encounters between black Americans and Western medical researchers and the racist pseudoscience that resulted, it details the ways both slaves and freedmen were used in hospitals for experiments conducted without their knowledge—a tradition that continues today within some black populations. It reveals how blacks have historically been prey to grave-robbing as well as unauthorized autopsies and dissections. Moving into the twentieth century, it shows how the pseudoscience of eugenics and social Darwinism was used to justify experimental exploitation and shoddy medical treatment of blacks, and the view that they were biologically inferior, oversexed, and unfit for adult responsibilities. Shocking new details about the government’s notorious Tuskegee experiment are revealed, as are similar, less-well-known medical atrocities conducted by the government, the armed forces, prisons, and private institutions. The product of years of prodigious research into medical journals and experimental reports long undisturbed,Medical Apartheidreveals the hidden underbelly of scientific research and makes possible, for the first time, an understanding of the roots of the African American health deficit. At last, it provides the fullest possible context for comprehending the behavioral fallout that has caused black Americans to view researchers—and indeed the whole medical establishment—with such deep distrust. No one concerned with issues of public health and racial justice can afford not to readMedical Apartheid, a masterful book that will stir up both controversy and long-needed debate.
Publication Date: 2007
Multicultural Medicine and Health Disparities by
An essential guide to clinical issues encountered during management of patients of varied cultural and economic backgrounds This essential text assists health care students and practitioners in delivering skilled and appropriate care to all patients, no matter their ethnicity, country of origin, cultural history, or access to services. Presenting need-to-know and often hard to find information on differences in access to heath care, immunization histories, disease prevalence, attitudes about health and provision of care, and much more, this resource provides practical, authoritative, and specific guidance.
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Precarious Prescriptions by
In "Precarious Prescriptions," Laurie B. Green, John Mckiernan-Gonzilez, and Martin Summers bring together essays that place race, citizenship, and gender at the center of questions about health and disease. Exploring the interplay between disease as a biological phenomenon, illness as a subjective experience, and race as an ideological construct, this volume weaves together a complicated history to show the role that health and medicine have played throughout the past in defining the ideal citizen. By creating an intricate portrait of the close associations of race, medicine, and public health, "Precarious Prescriptions" helps us better understand the long and fraught history of health care in America. Contributors: Jason E. Glenn, U of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Mark Allan Goldberg, U of Houston; Jean J. Kim; Gretchen Long, Williams College; Vernica Mart nez-Matsuda, Cornell U; Lena McQuade-Salzfass, Sonoma State U; Natalia Molina, U of California, San Diego; Susan M. Reverby, Wellesley College; Jennifer Seltz, Western Washington U. "
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Race, Ethnicity, and Health by
Race, Ethnicity and Health, Second Edition, is a new and critical selection of hallmark articles that address health disparities in America. It effectively documents the need for equal treatment and equal health status for minorities. Intended as a resource for faculty and students in public health as well as the social sciences, it will be also be valuable to public health administrators and frontline staff who serve diverse racial and ethnic populations. The book brings together the best peer reviewed research literature from the leading scholars and faculty in this growing field, providing a historical and political context for the study of health, race, and ethnicity, with key findings on disparities in access, use, and quality. This volume also examines the role of health care providers in health disparities and discusses the issue of matching patients and doctors by race. There has been considerable new research since the original manuscript's preparation in 2001 and publication in 2002, and reflecting this, more than half the book is new content. New chapters cover: reflections on demographic changes in the US based on the current census; metrics and nomenclature for disparities; theories of genetic basis for disparities; the built environment; residential segregation; environmental health; occupational health; health disparities in integrated communities; Latino health; Asian populations; stress and health; physician/patient relationships; hospital treatment of minorities; the slavery hypertension hypothesis; geographic disparities; and intervention design.
Publication Date: 2012
Unequal Treatment by
Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patientsâe(tm) and providersâe(tm) attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve providerâe"patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.
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