Copyright

Initially the author(s)/creator(s) own the copyright to their work, however many publishers ask the author/creator to sign over most or all their rights to them.

As an author, you can retain rights to your work, but you have to negotiate with the publishers when the materials are submitted or accepted for publication.

Many Duke faculty publications, especially older works, are not owned by the author.

In some cases the institution may own the work, if an employee (not a faculty member) did the work as part of their job. This is called "work for hire" so often manuals, Web pages, etc. are owned by the institution and not the individual creator.

What are author's rights under the law?

Under the law, copyright holders are given the following exclusive rights, which means that others cannot use these rights without seeking permission:

• to produce copies or reproductions of the work and to sell those copies (including, typically, electronic copies)
• to import or export the work
• to create derivative works (works that adapt the original work)
• to perform or display the work publicly
• to sell or assign these rights to others
• to transmit or display by radio or video

Authors can give up their rights and often do to publishers who then become the copyright holder.  Unless the author retains certain rights, they cannot distribute or even post a PDF or copy of their work without seeking permission from the publisher.

• Registering with the U.S. Copyright Office

  It is not necessary to register your work to own the copyright, however it can be helpful especially when pursuing copyright infringement cases. This website includes information about the process for registering your work.
• Creative Commons Licenses

  You may also consider assigning a Creative Commons license to your work. These licenses allow more nuance and clarity around how your work can be used and re-purposed than traditional copyright.